Johann Joseph "Hans" Most (February 5, 1846 – March 17, 1906) was a

German-American German Americans (german: Deutschamerikaner, ) are Americans who have full or partial German ancestry. With an estimated size of approximately 43 million in 2019, German Americans are the largest of the self-reported ancestry groups by the Unite ...

Social Democratic Social democracy is a political, social, and economic philosophy within socialism that supports political and economic democracy. As a policy regime, it is described by academics as advocating economic and social interventions to promote soci ...

and then

anarchist Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is skeptical of all justifications for authority and seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically including, though not neces ...

politician, newspaper editor, and orator. He is credited with popularizing the concept of "

propaganda of the deed Propaganda of the deed (or propaganda by the deed, from the French ) is specific political direct action meant to be exemplary to others and serve as a catalyst for revolution. It is primarily associated with acts of violence perpetrated by pro ...

". His grandson was

Boston Celtics The Boston Celtics ( ) are an American professional basketball team based in Boston. The Celtics compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the league's Eastern Conference Atlantic Division. Founded in 1946 as one of t ...

radio play-by-play man

Johnny Most John M. Most (June 15, 1923 – January 3, 1993) was an American sports announcer, known primarily as the raspy radio voice of the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association from 1953 to 1990. Most's radio call during the final moment ...

Biography

Early years

According to biographer Frederic Trautmann, Johann Joseph Most was born

out of wedlock Legitimacy, in traditional Western common law, is the status of a child born to parents who are legally married to each other, and of a child conceived before the parents obtain a legal divorce. Conversely, ''illegitimacy'', also known as ''b ...

to a

governess A governess is a largely obsolete term for a woman employed as a private tutor, who teaches and trains a child or children in their home. A governess often lives in the same residence as the children she is teaching. In contrast to a nanny, th ...

and a

clerk A clerk is a white-collar worker who conducts general office tasks, or a worker who performs similar sales-related tasks in a retail environment. The responsibilities of clerical workers commonly include record keeping, filing, staffing service ...

, in

Augsburg Augsburg (; bar , Augschburg , links=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabian_German , label=Swabian German, , ) is a city in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany, around west of Bavarian capital Munich. It is a university town and regional seat of the ' ...

Bavaria Bavaria ( ; ), officially the Free State of Bavaria (german: Freistaat Bayern, link=no ), is a state in the south-east of Germany. With an area of , Bavaria is the largest German state by land area, comprising roughly a fifth of the total lan ...

.Frederic Trautmann, ''The Voice of Terror: A Biography of Johann Most.'' Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980, , , p. 4. Most's mother died of

cholera Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium ''Vibrio cholerae''. Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe. The classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea that lasts a few days. Vomiting and ...

when he was very young. Most was subjected to physical abuse by his stepmother and a schoolteacher;Trautmann, ''The Voice of Terror,'' p. 5. his aversion to religion earned him more beatings at school. To the end of his life Most was "a militant

atheist Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities. Less broadly, atheism is a rejection of the belief that any deities exist. In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there no ...

with the zeal of a religious fanatic" who "knew more Scripture than many clergymen knew". Most developed

frostbite Frostbite is a skin injury that occurs when exposed to extreme low temperatures, causing the freezing of the skin or other tissues, commonly affecting the fingers, toes, nose, ears, cheeks and chin areas. Most often, frostbite occurs in the han ...

on the left side of his face as a young child. For several years thereafter, flesh rotted and infection spread, with the primitive medicine of the day unable to treat the condition. His condition worsened and Most was diagnosed with

terminal Terminal may refer to: Computing Hardware * Terminal (electronics), a device for joining electrical circuits together * Terminal (telecommunication), a device communicating over a line * Computer terminal, a set of primary input and output dev ...

cancer Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal b ...

. As a last-gasp measure a surgeon was called in. A two-inch section of his jawbone was removed, resulting in permanent disfigurement. At the age of twelve, Most organized a strike of students against a particularly hated teacher, resulting in his expulsion from school. This ended Most's brief period of formal education, forcing him into the workforce as a youth. Most was

apprentice Apprenticeship is a system for training a new generation of practitioners of a trade or profession with on-the-job training and often some accompanying study (classroom work and reading). Apprenticeships can also enable practitioners to gain a ...

d to a bookbinder, for whom he had to bind books from dawn until sunset, a condition which Most later likened to slavery. At the age of 17 he became a

journeyman A journeyman, journeywoman, or journeyperson is a worker, skilled in a given building trade or craft, who has successfully completed an official apprenticeship qualification. Journeymen are considered competent and authorized to work in that fie ...

bookbinder and plied his trade from town to town and job to job, working in 50 cities in 6 countries from 1863 to 1868. In

Vienna en, Viennese , iso_code = AT-9 , registration_plate = W , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...

he was fired and placed on a

blacklist Blacklisting is the action of a group or authority compiling a blacklist (or black list) of people, countries or other entities to be avoided or distrusted as being deemed unacceptable to those making the list. If someone is on a blacklist, t ...

for having staged a strike. Unemployable in his trade, he learned to make wooden boxes for hats, cigars, and matches, which he sold on the street until police brought an end to his trade for lacking a license.

Political career

As the 1860s drew to a close, Most was won over to the ideas of

international socialism Proletarian internationalism, sometimes referred to as international socialism, is the perception of all communist revolutions as being part of a single global class struggle rather than separate localized events. It is based on the theory that ...

, an emerging political movement in

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

and

Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...

. Most saw in the doctrines of

Karl Marx Karl Heinrich Marx (; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist, critic of political economy, and socialist revolutionary. His best-known titles are the 1848 ...

and

Ferdinand Lassalle Ferdinand Lassalle (; 11 April 1825 – 31 August 1864) was a Prussian-German jurist, philosopher, socialist and political activist best remembered as the initiator of the social democratic movement in Germany. "Lassalle was the first man in Ger ...

a blueprint for a new

egalitarian Egalitarianism (), or equalitarianism, is a school of thought within political philosophy that builds from the concept of social equality, prioritizing it for all people. Egalitarian doctrines are generally characterized by the idea that all hum ...

society and became a fervid supporter of the Social Democracy, as the

Marxist Marxism is a Left-wing politics, left-wing to Far-left politics, far-left method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a Materialism, materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to understand S ...

movement was known in the day. Most engaged himself as editor of

socialist Socialism is a left-wing economic philosophy and movement encompassing a range of economic systems characterized by the dominance of social ownership of the means of production as opposed to private ownership. As a term, it describes the e ...

newspapers in

Chemnitz Chemnitz (; from 1953 to 1990: Karl-Marx-Stadt , ) is the third-largest city in the German state of Saxony after Leipzig and Dresden. It is the 28th largest city of Germany as well as the fourth largest city in the area of former East Germany a ...

and

Vienna en, Viennese , iso_code = AT-9 , registration_plate = W , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...

, both suppressed by the authorities, and of the ''Berliner Freie Presse'' (Berlin Free Press). Most was a dedicated advocate of

revolutionary socialism Revolutionary socialism is a political philosophy, doctrine, and tradition within socialism that stresses the idea that a social revolution is necessary to bring about structural changes in society. More specifically, it is the view that revolut ...

, sharing the views expressed by

Wilhelm Liebknecht Wilhelm Martin Philipp Christian Ludwig Liebknecht (; 29 March 1826 – 7 August 1900) was a German socialist and one of the principal founders of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).Karl Marx Karl Heinrich Marx (; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist, critic of political economy, and socialist revolutionary. His best-known titles are the 1848 ...

's ''

Das Kapital ''Das Kapital'', also known as ''Capital: A Critique of Political Economy'' or sometimes simply ''Capital'' (german: Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Ökonomie, link=no, ; 1867–1883), is a foundational theoretical text in Historical mater ...

''.Valeria Kunina and Velta Pospelova with Natalia Kalennikova (eds.), ''Karl Marx-Frederick Engels Collected Works: Volume 45: Marx and Engels, 1874–79.'' Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1991; p. 474, fn. 154. At Liebknecht's request, Marx and

Friedrich Engels Friedrich Engels ( ,"Engels"
'' In the

1874 German federal election Federal elections were held in Germany on 10 January 1874. Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p762 The National Liberal Party remained the largest party in the Reichstag, with 147 of the 397 seats. ...

, Most was elected for the

Chemnitz Reichstag constituency The Chemnitz Reichstag constituency was constituency No. 16 in the Kingdom of Saxony which returned a deputy to the German Reichstag. It was based upon what was the town of Chemnitz. Following the North German Confederation Treaty the Kingdom of ...

as a

Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany The Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (german: Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands, SDAP) was a Marxist socialist political party in the North German Confederation during unification. Founded in Eisenach in 1869, the SDAP e ...

deputy in the

Reichstag of the German Empire The Reichstag () of the German Empire was Germany's lower house of parliament from 1871 to 1918. Within the governmental structure of the Reich, it represented the national and democratic element alongside the federalism of the Bundesrat and the ...

, in which he served until 1878. Most was repeatedly arrested for his attacks on

patriotism Patriotism is the feeling of love, devotion, and sense of attachment to one's country. This attachment can be a combination of many different feelings, language relating to one's own homeland, including ethnic, cultural, political or histor ...

and conventional religion and

ethics Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that "involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior".''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' The field of ethics, along with aesthetics, concerns m ...

, and for his gospel of

terrorism Terrorism, in its broadest sense, is the use of criminal violence to provoke a state of terror or fear, mostly with the intention to achieve political or religious aims. The term is used in this regard primarily to refer to intentional violen ...

, preached in prose and in many songs such as those in his ''Proletarier-Liederbuch'' (Proletarian Songbook). Some of his experiences in prison were recounted in the 1876 work, ''Die Bastille am Plötzensee: Blätter aus meinem Gefängniss-Tagebuch'' (The Bastille on Plötzensee: Pages from my Prison Diary). After advocating violent action, including the use of explosive bombs, as a mechanism to bring about revolutionary change, Most was forced into exile by the government. He went to France but was forced to leave at the end of 1878, settling in

London London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...

. There he founded his own newspaper, ''

Freiheit ' is the German word for both liberty and political freedom. Freiheit may also refer to: Political parties * Freie Demokratische Partei, a liberal party in Germany * South Tyrolean Freedom (', STF), a nationalist political party active in South ...

'' (Freedom), with the first issue coming off the press dated January 4, 1879. Convinced by his own experience of the futility of parliamentary action, Most began to espouse the doctrine of

anarchism Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is skeptical of all justifications for authority and seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically including, though not necessa ...

, which led to his expulsion from the German Social Democratic Party in 1880. In June 1881, Most expressed his delight in the pages of the ''Freiheit'' over the assassination of

Alexander II of Russia Alexander II ( rus, Алекса́ндр II Никола́евич, Aleksándr II Nikoláyevich, p=ɐlʲɪˈksandr ftɐˈroj nʲɪkɐˈlajɪvʲɪtɕ; 29 April 181813 March 1881) was Emperor of Russia, Congress Poland, King of Poland and Gra ...

and advocated its emulation; for this Most was imprisoned by British authorities for a year and a half.

Life in the United States

Encouraged by news of labor struggles and industrial disputes in the United States, Most emigrated to the US upon his release from prison in 1882. He promptly began agitating in his adopted land among other German émigrés. Among his associates was

August Spies August Vincent Theodore Spies (, ; December 10, 1855November 11, 1887) was an American upholsterer, radical labor activist, and newspaper editor. Spies is remembered as one of the anarchists in Chicago who were found guilty of conspiracy to commi ...

, one of the anarchists hanged for conspiracy in the

Haymarket Square Haymarket Square may refer to: * Haymarket Square (Boston), in Boston * Haymarket Square (Chicago), in Chicago * Haymarket affair The Haymarket affair, also known as the Haymarket massacre, the Haymarket riot, the Haymarket Square riot, or ...

bombing, in whose desk police found an 1884 letter from Most promising a shipment of "medicine," his code word for dynamite. Most resumed the publication of the ''Freiheit'' in New York. He was imprisoned in 1886, again in 1887, and in 1902, the last time for two months for publishing after the assassination of

President McKinley William McKinley (January 29, 1843September 14, 1901) was the 25th president of the United States, serving from 1897 until Assassination of William McKinley, his assassination in 1901. As a politician he led a realignment that made his Hist ...

an editorial in which he argued that it was no crime to kill a ruler. "Whoever looks at America will see: the ship is powered by stupidity, corruption, or prejudice," Most said. Most initially advocated traditional collectivist anarchism, but later embraced

anarchist communism Anarcho-communism, also known as anarchist communism, (or, colloquially, ''ancom'' or ''ancomm'') is a political philosophy and anarchist school of thought that advocates communism. It calls for the abolition of private property but retains resp ...

. According to right-wing libertarian Jeff Riggenbach:

Most's approach to anarchism stressed two main ideas: first, that it was necessary to abolish not only the state, but also the social institutions known as private property and the free market; second, that the intelligent anarchist must avail himself of what Most and many other anarchists of the time called "propaganda of the deed"—acts of violence that would inspire the masses and sweep them up in revolutionary fervor.

Most was famous for stating the concept of the

Propaganda of the Deed Propaganda of the deed (or propaganda by the deed, from the French ) is specific political direct action meant to be exemplary to others and serve as a catalyst for revolution. It is primarily associated with acts of violence perpetrated by pro ...

(''Attentat''): "The existing system will be quickest and most radically overthrown by the annihilation of its exponents. Therefore, massacres of the enemies of the people must be set in motion." Most is best known for a pamphlet published in 1885: ''The Science of Revolutionary Warfare,'' a how-to manual on the subject of bomb-making which earned the author the moniker "Dynamost." A gifted orator, Most propagated these ideas throughout Marxist and anarchist circles in the United States and attracted many adherents, most notably

Emma Goldman Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869 – May 14, 1940) was a Russian-born anarchist political activist and writer. She played a pivotal role in the development of anarchist political philosophy in North America and Europe in the first half of the ...

and

Alexander Berkman Alexander Berkman (November 21, 1870June 28, 1936) was a Russian-American anarchist and author. He was a leading member of the anarchist movement in the early 20th century, famous for both his political activism and his writing. B ...

. Inspired by Most's theories of Attentat, Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman, enraged by the deaths of workers during the

Homestead strike The Homestead strike, also known as the Homestead steel strike, Homestead massacre, or Battle of Homestead, was an industrial lockout and strike that began on July 1, 1892, culminating in a battle in which strikers defeated private security agent ...

, put words into action with Berkman's attempted assassination of Homestead factory manager

Henry Clay Frick Henry Clay Frick (December 19, 1849 – December 2, 1919) was an American industrialist, financier, and art patron. He founded the H. C. Frick & Company coke manufacturing company, was chairman of the Carnegie Steel Company, and played a major ...

in 1892. Berkman and Goldman were soon disillusioned as Most became one of Berkman's most outspoken critics. In ''Freiheit'', Most attacked both Goldman and Berkman, implying Berkman's act was designed to arouse sympathy for Frick. Goldman's biographer Alice Wexler suggests that Most's criticisms may have been inspired by jealousy of Berkman.Alice Wexler, ''Emma Goldman: An Intimate Life'' (New York: Pantheon Books, 1984) Goldman was enraged, and demanded that Most prove his insinuations. When he refused to respond, she confronted him at next lecture. After he refused to speak to her, she lashed him across the face with a horsewhip, broke the whip over her knee, then threw the pieces at him. She later regretted her assault, confiding to a friend, "At the age of twenty-three, one does not reason." Most was in

Cincinnati, Ohio Cincinnati ( ) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Hamilton County. Settled in 1788, the city is located at the northern side of the confluence of the Licking and Ohio rivers, the latter of which marks the state line wit ...

, to give a speech when he fell ill. He was diagnosed with

erysipelas Erysipelas () is a relatively common bacterial infection of the superficial layer of the skin ( upper dermis), extending to the superficial lymphatic vessels within the skin, characterized by a raised, well-defined, tender, bright red rash, t ...

. The doctors could do little for him, and he died a few days later.

Works

Note: This list includes only titles published in German or English. Some of Most's writings were translated into Italian, Spanish, Russian, Yiddish, French, Polish, and other languages. * ''Neuestes Proletarier-Liederbuch von Verschiedenen Arbeiterdichtern'' (Latest Proletarian Songbook by Various Worker-Poets). Chemnitz: Druck und Verlag der Genossenschafts-Buchdruckerei, 1873. * ''Kapital und Arbeit: Ein Populärer Auszug aus "Das Kapital" von Karl Marx'' (Capital and Labor: A Popular Excerpt from "Capital" by Karl Marx). Chemnitz: G. Rübner, n.d.

873 __NOTOC__ Year 873 ( DCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Carloman, son of King Charles the Bald, is hauled before a secular court an ...

Revised 2nd edition, 1876. * ''Die Pariser Commune vor den Berliner Gerichten: Eine Studie über Deutschpreussische Rechtszustände.'' (The Paris Commune in Front of Berlin Courts: A Study of German-Prussian Legal Conditions). Brunswick, Germany: Bracke Jr., 1875. * ''Die Bastille am Plötzensee: Blätter aus meinem Gefängniss-Tagebuch'' (The Bastille on Plötzensee: Pages from my Prison Diary). Brunswick, Germany: W. Bracke, 1876. * ''Der Kleinbürger und die Socialdemokratie: Ein Mahnwort an die Kleingewerbtreibenden'' (The Petty-Bourgeois and Social-Democracy: A Warning to Small Businessmen). Augsburg: Verlag der Volksbuchhandlung, 1876. * ''Gewerbe-Ordnung für das Deutsche Reich: Mit Erläuterung der für den Arbeiter wichtigsten Bestimmungen'' (The Industrial Code of the German Empire: With Commentary on the Most Important Provisions for the Worker). Leipzig: Verlag der Genossenschaftsbuchdruckerei, 1876. * ''Freizügigkeits-Gesetz, Impf-Gesetz, Lohnbeschlagnahme-Gesetz, Haftpflicht-Gesetz: Mit Erläuterung der für den Arbeiter wichtigsten Bestimmungen'' (The Law on Freedom of Movement, the Law on Vaccination, the Law on Wage Attachment, the Law on Liability: With Commentary on the Most Important Provisions for the Worker). Leipzig: Verlag der Genossenschaftsbuchdruckerei, 1876. * ''"Taktika" contra "Freiheit": Ein Wort zum Angriff und zur Abwehr'' ("Tactics" versus "Freedom": A Word on Attack and Defence). London: Freiheit, n.d. . 1881 *
Revolutionäre Kriegswissenschaft: Eine Handbüchlein zur Anleitung Betreffend Gebrauches und Herstellung von Nitro-Glycerin, Dynamit, Schiessbaumwolle, Knallquecksilber, Bomben, Brandsätzen, Giften usw., usw.
' (The Science of Revolutionary Warfare: A Little Handbook of Instruction in the Use and Preparation of Nitroglycerine, Dynamite, Gun-Cotton, Fulminating Mercury, Bombs, Fuses, Poisons, Etc., Etc.). New York: Internationaler Zeitung-Verein, c. 1883. * ''Die Freie Gesellschaft: Eine Abhandlung über Principien und Taktik der Kommunistischen Anarchisten: Nebst Einem Polemischen Anhang'' (The Free Society: An Essay on the Principles and Tactics of the Communist Anarchists: With a Polemical Appendix). New York: self-published, 1884. * ''August Reinsdorf und die Propaganda der That'' ( August Reinsdorf and Propaganda of the Deed). New York: self-published, 1885. * ''Acht Jahre hinter Schloss und Riegel. Skizzen aus dem Leben Johann Most's.'' (Eight years Under Lock and Key: Sketches from the Life of Johann Most). New York: self-published, 1886. * ''Die Hoelle von Blackwells Island'' (The Hell of Blackwells Island). New York: self-published, 1887. * ''An das Proletariat'' (To the Proletariat). New York: J. Müller, 1887. * ''Die Eigenthumsbestie'' (The Property Beast). New York: J. Müller, 1887. English: ''The Beast of Property: Total Annihilation Proposed as the Only Infallible Remedy: The Curse of the World which Defeats the People's Emancipation.'' New Haven, CT: International Workingmen's Ass'n, Group New Haven, n.d. . 1890 * ''Die Gottespest'' (The God Pestilence), New York: J. Müller, 1887. English: ''The Deistic Pestilence and Religious Plague of Man,'' n.d.

880s The 880s decade ran from January 1, 880, to December 31, 889. Significant people * Al-Mu'tamid * Al-Muwaffaq * Charles the Fat * Alfred the Great * Al-Mufawwid * Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz * Basil I Basil I, called the Macedonian ( el, Β� ...

Reissued as ''The God Pestilence.'' * ''The Accusation! A Speech Delivered by John Most, at Kramer's Hall, New York, on November 13, 1887, in Denunciation of the Judicial Butchery of the Chicago Anarchists: For Delivering Which, He Has Been Sentenced to Twelve Month's Imprisonment by Judge Cowing.'' London: International Publishing Co., n.d. . 1887 * ''Vive la Commune.'' New York: J. Müller, 1888. * ''Der Stimmkasten'' (The Ballot Box). New York: J. Müller, 1888. * ''The Social Monster: A Paper on Communism and Anarchism.'' New York: Bernhard and Schenck, 1890. * ''The Free Society: Tract on Communism and Anarchy.'' New York: J. Müller, 1891. * ''Zwischen Galgen und Zuchthaus'' (Between Gallows and Penitentiary). New York: J. Müller, 1892. * ''Anarchy Defended by Anarchists.'' With Emma Goldman. New York: Blakely Hall, 1896. * ''Down with the Anarchists! This is the War-Cry Raised by President Roosevelt and Echoed by the Congress of the United States. Now, Then, Hear the Other Side! The Anarchists will Take the Floor. Listen!.'' New York: John Most, n.d. . 1905 * ''Memoiren, Erlebtes, Erforschtes und Erdachtes'' (Memoirs: Experiences, Explorations, and Thoughts). In 4 volumes. New York: Selbstverlag des Verfassers, 1903–1907.

Literature

* Frank Harreck-Haase ''Der Agitator – Das Leben des Johann Most, 1. Band – Der Sozialist'', 2017, (in German) * Frank Harreck-Haase ''Der Agitator – Das Leben des Johann Most, 2. Band – Der Anarchist'', 2019, (in German) * Werner Hinze: ''Johann Most und sein Liederbuch. Warum der Philosoph der Bombe Lieder schrieb und ein Liederbuch herausgab''. Tonsplitter Verlag, 2005, (in German) * Botz, Gerhard, Brandstetter, Gerfried, Pollak, Michael: ''Im Schatten der Arbeiterbewegung, Zur Geschichte des Anarchismus in Österreich und Deutschland.'' Europaverlag Wien 1977 (in German) * Maag, Gerhard, "Vom Sozialistengesetz bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg", in: Arbeitskreis Geschichte der Nürtinger Arbeiterbewegung, Das andere Nürtingen. Ein heimatgeschichtlicher Beitrag zum 100. Geburtstag der Nürtinger SPD, hrsg. v. SPD-Ortsverein Nürtingen, Nürtingen 1989, S. 23–62 (in German) * Dieter Kühn (Hrsg.): ''Johann Most – ein Sozialist in Deutschland''. München 1974, . (Reihe Hanser 171) (in German) * Heiner M. Becker, Andreas G. Graf (Hrsg.): ''Johann Most – Ein unterschätzter Sozialdemokrat?'' Berlin 2006, . (= Internationale wissenschaftliche Korrespondenz zur Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung, Jahrgang 41, Nr. 1–2, März 2005) (in German) * John Most: ''Memoiren: Erlebtes, Erforschtes und Erdachtes''. Edition Kobaia, Hannover 1978. (Reprint der vierbändigen Originalausgabe in New York von 1903 bis 1907) (in German) *

Rudolf Rocker Johann Rudolf Rocker (March 25, 1873 – September 19, 1958) was a German anarchist writer and activist. He was born in Mainz to a Roman Catholic artisan family. His father died when he was a child, and his mother when he was in his teens, so he ...

: ''Johann Most. Das Leben eines Anarchisten''. Berlin 1924; ''Nachtrag''. Berlin 1925. (Reprint: Libertad Verlag, Berlin/Köln, ) (in German) * Winfried Schwarz: "Entstehung und Überlieferung". In: ''Kapital und Arbeit. Ein populärer Auszug aus "Das Kapital" von Karl Marx von Johann Most. Zweite verbesserte Auflage. Genossenschafts-Buchdruckerei Chemnitz, Chemnitz 1876.'' (Reprint: Wuppertal 1985, , S. 9–67) (in German) * (in German) * (in German) * Tom Goyens '' Beer and revolution. The German anarchist movement in New York City, 1880–1914'', University of Illinois Press, Champaign, 2007, (English)

Footnotes

External links

*
Johann Most page at the Kate Sharpley Library

* *

at the

Library of Congress The Library of Congress (LOC) is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the ''de facto'' national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the country. The library is ...

contains materials written by Johann Most. {{DEFAULTSORT:Most, Johann 1846 births 1906 deaths American anarchists American anti-capitalists American atheists American male non-fiction writers American revolutionaries American socialists Anarcho-communists German anarchists German anti-capitalists German atheists German emigrants to the United States German male non-fiction writers German Marxists Illegalists Insurrectionary anarchists Jewish anarchists Members of the 2nd Reichstag of the German Empire Members of the 3rd Reichstag of the German Empire People from the Kingdom of Bavaria Politicians from Augsburg Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians